Food Disorder during the SARS-COV-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Introduction: Eating disorders are not restricted to changes in eating habits, but also involve physical and emotional changes in individuals. These habits can lead to several consequences on health and quality of life. To point out the effects that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the lives of individuals with eating disorders and report its consequences on the quality of medical care, interpersonal relationships, and mental health in the context of social isolation.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific articles was carried out from August to December 2021. The target files for the study were written between the years 2019 to 2021. The modalities of articles included were cohort type, randomized clinical trials and non-randomized, and case reports. Finally, to evaluate the variables, the method “The GRADE approach” was used.
Results: A total of 43 articles were found. The notorious negative impact on the mental health of patients during the pandemic was observed, whether due to social, economic, and even media situations. The emergence of three major problems stands out: social restrictions, functional impairments, and limitations of access to professional support. Consequently, as a way of seeking comfort, many people used food as a method of relief, increasing the intensity and incidence of overweight/obesity and worsening emotional well-being. On the other hand, other individuals started to practice excessive physical activity, which also becomes harmful. Another unfavorable factor for the health of individuals was the commitment to medical care, due to the various safety protocols and restrictions imposed against the spread of the virus and the population's own fear.
Conclusion: The pandemic had a great impact on individual and collective quality of life, as evidenced by the studies found. However, its long-term consequences are still unclear. There was a proven accentuation in cases of psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety and depression) and in eating disorders, especially in the young adult population and, in general, individuals with a history of mental and eating disorders.
References
-
Galmiche M, Déchelotte P, Lambert G, Tavolacci MP. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000-2018 period: a systematic literature review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 105(5): 1-12.
Google Scholar
1
-
Appolinário JC, Claudino AM. Transtornos Alimentares. Braz J Psychiatry. 2000; 22(2): 28 – 31. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
2
-
Fiates GMR, Salles RK. Fatores de Risco para o desenvolvimento de distúrbios alimentares: um estudo em universitárias. Rev Nutr. 2001; 14: 3-6. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
3
-
Oliveira JLS, Maynard DC. Equipe multidisciplinar no tratamento de distúrbios alimentares em adolescentes: análise e benefício. UniCEUB. [Internet] 2019 [cited 2022 July 20] Available from: https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/bitstream/prefix/14596/1/Júlia%20Liz%20da%20Silva%20Oliveira.pdf Portuguese.
Google Scholar
4
-
Pinzon V, Gonzaga AP, Cobelo A, Labaddia E, Belluzzo P, Fleitlich-Bilyk B. Peculiaridades do tratamento da anorexia e da bulimia nervosa na adolescência: a experiência do PROTAD. Arch Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 31(4): 167-9. Portuguese
Google Scholar
5
-
Appolinario JC, Bacaltchuk J. Tratamento farmacológico dos transtornos alimentares. Braz J Psychiatry. 2002; 24(3): 54-9. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
6
-
Galmiche M, Déchelotte P, Lambert G, Tavolacci MP. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000-2018 period: a sustematic literature review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 109: 1402-13.
Google Scholar
7
-
Weissman R, Bauer S, Thomas JJ. Access to evidence-based care for eating disorders during the COVID-19 crisis. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53(5): 639-46.
Google Scholar
8
-
Schneider J, Pegram G, Gibson B, Talamonti D, Tinoco A, Craddock N, et al. A systematic mixed studies review on the impact of COVID-19 on body image, eating disorders, and disordered eating behaviours: implications for individuals, researchers, and clinicians. [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021247921.
Google Scholar
9
-
McLean C, Utpala R, Sharp G. A systematic review examining the manifestations of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorders and disordered eating behaviours. [Internet] 2021. [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021284749.
Google Scholar
10
-
Flanagan J, Soumbasis A, Dimitropoulos G, Devoe D, Patten SB. The association between the COVID-19 pandemic and eating behaviours: a systematic review [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021262085.
Google Scholar
11
-
Brakspear L, Boules D, Burmester V, Nicholls D. The impact of COVID-19 living restrictions on eating behaviours of children and adolescents: a systematic review. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021251515.
Google Scholar
12
-
Urhi A, Feyikemi F, Olatunde H, Oladunjoye F, Uzzi C, Yoade B, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms in the general population: a systematic review. [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021253077.
Google Scholar
13
-
Devoe D, Patten S, Dimitropoulos G, Katzman D, Han A, Marcoux G, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2021 October 17]. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020219969.
Google Scholar
14
-
Luginaah N, Ziegler B, Trudell JP, Arku G. The parallel pandemic: a systematic review on the effects of the COVID-19 on eating disorders and OCD in children and adolescents. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 October 17] Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021257890.
Google Scholar
15
-
Elmacıoğlu F, Ülker MT, Kırcali BÖ, Oruç S. Evaluation of nutritional behavior related to COVID-19. Public Health Nutrition. 2020; 24(3): 512-8.
Google Scholar
16
-
Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, Eisenberg ME, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Disordered eating in a population-based sample of young adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. Int J Eat Disord. 2021; 54: 1189-201.
Google Scholar
17
-
Castellini G, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Innocenti M, Gironi V, Sanfilippo G, et al. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic on eating disorders: a longitudinal observation of pre versus post psychopathological features in a sample of patients with eating disorders and a group of healthy controls. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53: 1855-62.
Google Scholar
18
-
Phillipou A, Meyer D, Neill E, Tan EJ, Toh WL, Rheenen TEV, et al. Eating and exercise behaviors in eating disorders and the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: initial results from the COLLATE project. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53: 1158-65.
Google Scholar
19
-
Termorshuizen JD, Watson HJ, Thornton LM, Borg S, Flatt RE, MacDermod CM, et al. Early impact of COVID-19 on individuals with self-reported eating disorders: a survey of ~ 1000 individuals in the United States and the Netherlands. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53: 1780-90.
Google Scholar
20
-
Schlegl S, Maier J, Meule A, Voderholzer U. Eating disorders in times of the COVID-19 pandemic – results from an online survey of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53 (11): 1791-800.
Google Scholar
21
-
Machado PPP, Pinto-Bastos A, Ramos R, Rodrigues TF, Louro E, Gonçalves S, et al. Impacto of COVID-19 lockdown measures on a cohort of eating disorders patients. J Eat Disor. 2020; 8(57): 1-8.
Google Scholar
22
-
Puhl RM, Lessard LM, Larson N, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Stzainer D. Weight stigma as a predictor of distress and maladaptive eating behaviors during COVID-19: longitudinal findings from the EAT study. Ann Behav Med. 2020; 54: 738-46.
Google Scholar
23
-
Marchitelli S, Mazza C, Lenzi A, Ricci E, Gnessi L, Roma P. Weight gain in a sample of patients affected by overweight/obesity with and without a psychiatric diagnosis during the COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11): 1-12.
Google Scholar
24
-
Feldhege J, Moessner M, Wolf M, Bauer S. Changes in language style and topics in an online eating disorder community at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2021; 23(7): 1-12.
Google Scholar
25
-
Rolland B, Haesebaert F, Zante E, Benyamina A, Haesebaert J, Frank N. Global changes and factors of increase in caloric/salty food intake, screen use, and substance use during early COVID-19 containment phase in the general population in France: survey study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020; 6(3): 1-14.
Google Scholar
26
-
Al-Musharaf S. Prevalence and predictors of emotional eating among healthy young Saudi Women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 1-17.
Google Scholar
27
-
Czepczor-Bernat K, Swami V, Mordzejewska A, Modrzejewska J. COVID-19-related stress and anxiety, body mass index, eating disorder symptomatology, and body image in women from Poland: a cluster analysis approach. Nutrients. 2021; 13(4):1-12.
Google Scholar
28
-
Christensen KA, Forbush KT, Richson BN, Thomeczek ML, Perko VL, Bjorlie K, et al. Food insecurity associated with elevated eating disorder symptoms, impairment, and eating disorder diagnoses in an American University student sample before and during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Eat Disord. 2021; 54: 1213-23.
Google Scholar
29
-
Kaya S, Uzdill Z, Cakiroglu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutrition. 2020; 24(2): 282-9.
Google Scholar
30
-
Nutley SK, Falise AM, Handerson R, Apostolou V, Mathews CA, Striley CW. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disordered eating behavior: qualitative analysis of social media posts. JMIR Ment Health. 2021; 8(1): 1-11.
Google Scholar
31
-
Brown SM, Opitz MC, Peebles AI, Sharpe H, Duffy F, Newman E. A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with eating disorders in the UK. Appetite. 156(1): 104977.
Google Scholar
32
-
Scharmer C, Martinez K, Gorell S, Reilly EE, Donahue JM, Anderson DA. Eating disorder pathology and compulsive exercise during the COVID-19 public health emergency: examining risk associated with COVID-19 anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53: 2049-54.
Google Scholar
33
-
Calugi S, Andreoli B, Dametti L, Grave AD, Morandini N, Grave RD. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on patients with obesity after intensive cognitive behavioral therapy – a case-control study. Nutrients. 2021: 13(6): 1-14.
Google Scholar
34
-
Branley-Bell D, Talbot CV. “It is the only constant in what feels like a completely upside down and scary world”: living with an eating disorder during COVID-19 and the importance of perceived control for recovery and relapse. Appetite. 2021; 167(1): 105596.
Google Scholar
35
-
Al-Musharaf S, Aijuraiban G, Bogis R, Alnafisah R, Aldhwayan M, Tahrani A. Lifestyles changes associated with COVID-19 quarantine among young Saudi women: a prospective study. Plus One. 2021; 16(4): 16.
Google Scholar
36
-
Flaudias V, Iceta S, Zerhouni O, Rodgers RF, Billieux J, Llorca PM, et al. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and problematic eating behaviors in a student population. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2020; 9(3): 826-35.
Google Scholar
37
-
Wang Y, Chen L, Wu T, Shi H, Li Q, Jaing H, et al. Impact of COVID-19 in pregnancy on mother’s psychological status and infant’s neurobehavioral development: a longitudinal cohort study in China. BMC Medicine. 2020; 18(347): 1-12.
Google Scholar
38
-
Barrea L, Pugliese G, Framondi L, Matteo RD, Laudisio S, et al. Does Sars-Cov-2 threaten our dreams? Effect of quarantine on sleep quality and body mass index. J Transl Med. 2020; 18(1): 318-29.
Google Scholar
39
-
Martínez-de-Quel O, Suárez-Iglesias D, López-Flores M, Pérez CA. Physical activity, dietary habits and sleep quality before and during COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal study. Appetite. 2021; 158(1): 105019.
Google Scholar
40
-
Boukrim M, Obtel M, Kasouati J, Achbani A, Razine R. COVID-19 and confinement: effect on weight load, physical activity and eating behavior of higher education students in Southern Morocco. Ann Glob Health. 2021; 87(1): 7.
Google Scholar
41
-
Giel KE, Schurr M, Zipfel S, Junne F, Schang K. Eating behaviour and symptom trajectories in pacients with a history of binge eating disorder during COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2021; 29: 657-62.
Google Scholar
42
-
Lin Z, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Dai L, Voon V, Li D, et al. Deep brain stimulation telemedicine programming during the COVID-19 pandemic: treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders. Neurosurg Focus. 2020; 49(6): 1-5.
Google Scholar
43
-
Davis C, Ng KC, Oh JYm Baeg A, Rajasegaran K, Chew CSE. Caring for children and adolescents with eating disorders in the current coronavirus 19 pandemic: a Singapore perspective. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2020; 67: 131-4.
Google Scholar
44
-
Barney A, Buckelew S, Mesheriakova V, Raymond-Flesch M. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid implementation of adolescent and young adult telemedicine: challenges and opportunities for innovation. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2020; 67: 164-71.
Google Scholar
45
-
Gardner L, Trueman H. Improving mealtimes for patients and staff within an eating disorder unit: understanding of the problem and first intervention during the pandemic-an initial report. BMJ Open Quality. 2021; 10: 1-7.
Google Scholar
46
-
Weissman RS, Klump KL, Rose J. Conducting eating disorders research in the time of COVIID-19: a survey of researchers in the field. Int J Eat Disord. 2020; 53: 1171-81.
Google Scholar
47
-
Zeiler M, Wittek T, Kahlenberg L, Gröbner EM, Nitsch M, Wagner G, Truttmann S. Impact of COVID-19 confinement on adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative interview study involving adolescents and parents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18: 4251-67.
Google Scholar
48
-
Juarascio AS, Michel ML, Srivastava P, Manasse SM, Drexler S, Felonis CR. The reward re-training protocol: a novel intervention approach designed to alter the reward imbalance contributing to binge eating during COVID-19. Int J Eat Disor. 2021; 54(7): 1316-22.
Google Scholar
49
-
Bryan DC, Macdonald P, Ambwani S, Cardi V, Rowlands K, Willmott D, et al. Exploring the ways in which COVID-19 and lockdown has affected the lives of adult patients with anorexia nervosa and their carers. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2020; 28: 826-35.
Google Scholar
50
-
Fernández-Aranda F, Casas M, Claes L, Bryan DC, Favaro A. COVID-19 and implications for eating disorders. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2020; 28: 239-45.
Google Scholar
51
-
Almadoz JP, Xie L, Schellinger JN, Mathew MS, Bismar N, Ofori A, et al. Substance use, mental health and weight-related behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in people with obesity. Clin Obes. 2021; 11: 1-10.
Google Scholar
52
-
Thompson KA, Bardone-Cone AM. 2019-nCOV distress and depressive, anxiety and OCD-type, and eating disorder symptoms among postpartum and control women. Archives of Women’s Mental Health. 2021; 24: 671-80.
Google Scholar
53
-
Carvalho A, Silva V, Grandeet A J. Avaliação do risco de viés de ensaios clínicos randomizados pela ferramenta de colaboração Chocrane. Diagn Tratamento. 2013; 18 (1): 38-44. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
54
-
Higgins J, Thomas J. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2021.
Google Scholar
55
-
Ficanha EE, Rocha VMP, Cogo SB, Silva EV, Jacobi LF. Byopsychosocial aspects related to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review. Health Sciences. 2020; 9(8): 1-27.
Google Scholar
56
-
García-Rios CA, García-Rios VE. Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dom Cien. 2021; 7(3): 1353-63.
Google Scholar
57
-
Bicalho E, Vieira BBT. Assessment of food consumption during COVID-19. JIM – Jornal de Investigação Médica. 2020; 1(2): 29-41.
Google Scholar
58
-
Guinancio JC, Sousa JGM, Carvalho BL, Souza ABT, Franco AA, Floriano AA, et al. COVID-19: Daily challenges and coping strategies in the face of social isolation. Health Sciences. 2020; 9(8): 1-17.
Google Scholar
59
-
Leonidas C, Santos MA. Affective and Family relationships of women with anorexia and bulimia. Psic Teor e Pesq. 2015; 31(2): 181-91.
Google Scholar
60
-
Fogaça PC, Arossi GA, Hirdes A. Impacto of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the general population: an integrative review. Research, society and development. 2021; 10(4): 1-14.
Google Scholar
61
-
Alves D, Pinto M, Alves S, Mota A, Leirós V. Cultura e imagem corporal. Fundação Técnica e Científica do Desporto. 2009; 5(1): 1-20. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
62
-
Gomes R. Sexualidade masculina e saúde do homem: proposta para uma discussão. Ciência Coletiva. 2003; 8(3): 825-29. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
63
-
Gomes R, Nascimento EF, Araújo FC. Por que os homens buscam menos os serviços de saúde do que as mulheres? As explicações de homens com baixa escolaridade e homens com ensino superior. Cad Saúde Pública. 2007; 23(3): 565-74. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
64
-
Costa GEP, Soares ACC, Alves RCL, Manoel PZ, Bezerra VG, Maciel NS, Nascimento CEM. Fatores de depressão e ansiedade em universitários da saúde no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Saúde Mental. 2021; 1(1): 209-17. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
65
-
Morgan CM, Vecchiatti IR, Negrão AB. Etiologia dos transtornos alimentares: aspectos biológicos, psicológicos. Braz J Psychiatry. 2002; 24(3): 18-23. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
66
-
Cunha CEX, Moreira MMG, Castro LR, Oliveira LBB, Carvalho AS, Souza AMA. Social isolation and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: a psychosocial analysis. Brazilian Journal of Health Review. 2021; 4(2): 9022-32.
Google Scholar
67
-
Weil P, Tompakow R. O corpo fala. Petrópolis: Vozes. 2015. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
68
-
Del Priore M. Histórias e conversas de mulheres. São Paulo: Planeta. 2013. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
69
-
Bernardi LS, Amaral LFV, Zamberlam M, Höring LK, Viapiana A, Gross CB. Compulsão alimentar. Salão do conhecimento UNIJUÍ. 2020; 6(6): 1-7. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
70
-
Vianez PSC. Desafios da atenção à Anorexia Nervosa em Adolescentes: uma pesquisa etnográfica em serviço de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Programa de pós-graduação em saúde coletiva. [Internet] 2015. [cited 2021 November 9] Available from: http://146.164.25.142/media/tese/1457029193.pdf. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
71
-
Moreira LMCP, Grohmann R, Libero FC. Glamourização de distúrbios alimentares: movimentos pró-ana e pró-mia e a rede sócia Tumblr. Intercom. 2017; 1(1): 1-15. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
72
-
Anjos ILPB, Martins LC, Santos, SCM, Aragão IPB. Distúrbio alimentar, compulsivo e afetivo: uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da associação. Revista de Saúde. 2020; 11(2): 60-4. Portuguese.
Google Scholar
73
Most read articles by the same author(s)
-
Natalia Ferrari,
Mariana Gomes de Oliveira Santos,
Marcela Rodrigues da Cunha Alvarenga,
Leticia Peres Moraes,
Dafane Lima Miguel,
Melchior Moser,
Flavio Quessada,
Takotsubo Syndrome and Its Genetic Relationship: Case Report and Narrative Literature Review , European Journal of Clinical Medicine: Vol. 3 No. 5 (2022)